绪论
Introduction
第1章 细菌的形态和结构
Chapter 1 Bacterial structure and morphology
内容提要 微生物学是研究微生物的分类、形态、生理、遗传变异、生态分布及其与人类关系的一门学科。兽医微生物学与人和动物健康、乡村振兴、生物安全和公共卫生等息息相关。
Introduction Microbiology is a discipline that studies taxonomy of the microorganisms and their morphology， physiology， heredity and genetic variation， distribution in different ecosystems， and relationship with human beings. Veterinary microbiology is closely related to human and animal health， rural revitalization， biosecurity and public health.
第1 节 兽医微生物学发展历史
Section 1 History of veterinary microbiology
我们的祖先对微生物早有认识和应用，在商代（公元前1600～前1046年）的甲骨文中就有关于酒的记载。兽医微生物学与医学微生物学的发展一直相伴而行，但兽医微生物学作为一门独立的科学，是19世纪以后的事情。
微生物学的发展可概括为三个阶段。
第一阶段：形态学时期。1683年，荷兰人列文虎克（1632～1723，图0-1）用自制的显微镜（图0-2）首次观察到微生物，从此以后，人们对微生物的形态、排列、大小等有了初步的认识，但由于自然发生论的存在，认识仅限于形态学方面。直到1861年，法国的微生物学家巴斯德（1822～1895，图0-3）通过盛有肉汤的鹅颈瓶（图0-4）和普通烧瓶实验否定了微生物自然发生论，解开了人们的精神枷锁，使人们对微生物的形态有了更多的认识，并能逐步解决生活和生产中出现的人畜疾病问题。
第二阶段：生理学及免疫学的奠基时期。这个时期大约从1870年到1920年，微生物学已经发展成一门独立的学科，在理论上、技术上和生产上都取得了一定的成就，涌现了一批杰出的微生物学家，如因发明白喉的血清疗法而获得1901年首届诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的德国医学家埃米尔 阿道夫 冯 贝林；因发现蚊子是传播疟疾的媒介而获得1902年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的英国微生物学家罗纳德 罗斯；在肺结核研究中作出杰出贡献而获得1905年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的德国细菌学家罗伯特 科赫，以及人类历史上第一个动物病毒——口蹄疫病毒的发现者德国微生物学家弗里德里希 奥古斯特 约翰内斯 洛弗勒和病理学家保罗 弗罗施。
第三阶段：近代及现代微生物学时期。大约从1920年起至今，微生物学科的发展越来越深入，在理论研究、技术创新及实际应用方面都取得了重要进展。随着电子显微镜、单克隆抗体、组学、分子克隆等技术的发展和应用，兽医微生物学的发展也在不断呈现日新月异的变化。
Our ancestors’ understanding and application of microorganisms can be traced back to the oracle-bone inscriptions of “jiu” (wine) in the Shang Dynasty (1600-1046BC). Veterinary microbiology has undergone development in parallel with human microbiology since its very beginning. However， it was not until the 19th century that veterinary microbiology was recognized as a discipline. The development of microbiology can be summarized into three stages:
The .rst stage was on morphological aspects. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723， Figure 0-1)， a Dutch microbiologist， observed microorganisms in 1683 for the first time with a self-made microscope (Figure 0-2). From then on， microbes were primarily recognized by their morphology， such as shape， arrangement and size because of the dominance of autogenesis theory. It was not until 1861 that Louis Pasteur (1822-1895， Figure 0-3)， a French microbiologist， disproved the autogenetic theory of microorganisms by showing microbial growth in a conventional flask， but not in a swan-neck bottle (Figure 0-4)， both being filled with broth. Since then， humans have unwound the spiritual shackles towards better understanding of the morphology of microorganisms and started to apply such knowledge to solve problems in human and animal diseases in their daily lives and husbandry.
The second stage focused on the foundation of physiology and immunology. During this period， from 1870 to 1920， microbiology developed into an independent discipline and made certain achievements in theory， technology and application. A number of outstanding microbiologists emerged， such as Emil Adolf von Behring， a German medical scientist who received the first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1901 for his work on serum therapy， especially its application against diphtheria; Sir Ronald Ross， a British doctor who received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1902 for his work on malaria infestation in the mosquito gut; Robert Koch， a German physician and one of the founders of bacteriology， who received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1905 for his discoveries on pulmonary tuberculosis; and Friedrich August Johannes L.ffler， a German microbiologist who， along with pathologist Paul Frosch， succeeded in demonstrating the first animal virus that could cause foot and mouth disease in artiodactyls.
The third stage covers modern and contemporary microbiology. Since 1920， microbiology has achieved in-depth development with great progress in theoretical research， technological innovation and practical applications. With the development and application of electron microscopy， monoclonal antibodies， omics， molecular cloning and other technologies， the development of veterinary microbiology is constantly evolving.
图0-1 安东尼 列文虎克（1632～1723）肖像
Figure 0-1 Portrait of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
图0-2 安东尼 列文虎克显微镜复制品
Figure 0-2 A replica of a microscope made by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
图0-3 路易 巴斯德（1822～1895）肖像
Figure 0-3 Portrait of Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
图0-4 巴斯德使用的鹅颈瓶
Figure 0-4 Swan-neck bottle used by Pasteur
第2节 兽医微生物学
Section 2 Veterinary microbiology
兽医微生物学是研究与动物疾病、人畜共患病和食品安全相关的重要微生物形态与结构、生物学特性、遗传变异、抗原性、毒力因子、致病机制、鉴别检测以及防控策略的学科。在保障动物健康、维护公共卫生安全、保护生态环境方面发挥重要作用。其研究范围不仅限于家畜、家禽、伴侣动物、实验动物、水生动物，以及野生动物等的微生物，还涉及生物安全、食品安全、实验室安全、国境安全等诸多领域；研究深度达到基因和分子层面，涉及毒力因子与宿主互作及其机制。目前已明确记载的人兽共患微生物有800余种，其中60%的人类病原微生物来自动物，75%的新发传染病为人兽共患病，如炭疽、狂犬病、鼠疫、结核病等。因此，兽医微生物学与人和动物健康密切相关，是现代医学和生命科学的重要组成部分。
Veterinary microbiology studies the microorganisms that are closely related to animal diseases， zoonotic diseases and food safety regarding the
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