Contents目录Preface序言1Introduction引言References参考文献GeneralLiterature普通著作2TheChemicalIndustry化学工业2.1ABriefHistory简史2.1.1InorganicChemicals无机化学品2.1.2OrganicChemicals有机化学品2.1.3TheOilEra石油时代2.1.4TheAgeofSustainability可持续发展时代2.2StructureoftheChemicalIndustry化学工业结构2.3RawMaterialsandEnergy原材料与能源2.3.1FossilFuelConsumptionandReserves化石燃料消耗和储量2.3.2BiomassasanAlternativeforFossilFuels化石燃料的替代品--生物质2.3.3EnergyandtheChemicalIndustry能源与化学工业2.3.4CompositionofFossilFuelsandBiomass化石燃料和生物质组成2.4BaseChemicals基础化学品GlobalTrendsintheChemicalIndustry化学工业全球趋势Questions问题References参考文献GeneralLiterature普通著作3ProcessesintheOilRefinery石油精炼工艺3.1TheOilRefinery?AnOverview石油精炼概述3.2PhysicalProcesses物理工艺3.2.1DesaltingandDehydration脱盐和脱水3.2.2CrudeDistillation原油蒸馏3.2.3PropaneDeasphalting丙烷脱沥青3.3ThermalProcesses热处理工艺3.3.1Visbreaking减粘裂化3.3.2DelayedCoking延迟焦化3.3.3Flexicoking灵活焦化3.4CatalyticProcesses催化工艺3.4.1OctaneandCetaneNumbers辛烷和十六烷值3.4.2CatalyticCracking催化裂化3.4.3CatalyticReforming催化重整3.4.4Alkylation烷基化3.4.5Hydroprocessing加氢处理3.5CurrentandFutureTrendsinOilRefining石油精炼现状和未来趋势3.5.1StricterEnvironmentalRegulations更严格的环境法规3.5.2RefineryConfigurations炼油厂配置Questions问题References参考文献4ProductionofLightAlkenes低碳烯烃生产4.1Introduction引言4.2CrackingReactions裂化反应4.2.1Thermodynamics热力学4.2.2Mechanism原理4.2.3Kinetics动力学4.3TheIndustrialProcess工业化工业4.3.1InfluenceofFeedstockonSteamCrackerOperationandProducts蒸汽裂解操作原料影响因素和产品4.3.2CrackingFurnace裂解炉4.3.3HeatExchanger热交换器4.3.4CokeFormation积碳4.4ProductProcessing产品加工4.5NovelDevelopments新进展4.5.1SelectiveDehydrogenationofLightAlkanes低碳烷烃选择性脱氢4.5.2MetathesisofAlkenes烯烃置换作用4.5.3ProductionofLightAlkenesfromSynthesisGas合成气生产低碳烯烃4.5.4DehydrationofBioethanol生物乙醇脱水4.5.5DirectConversionofMethane甲烷直接转化Questions问题References参考文献5ProductionofSynthesisGas合成气生产5.1Introduction引言5.2SynthesisGasfromNaturalGas从天然气到合成气5.2.1ReactionsandThermodynamics反应和热力学5.2.2SteamReformingProcess蒸汽重整工艺5.2.3AutothermalReformingProcess自热重整工艺5.2.4NovelDevelopments新进展5.3CoalGasification煤气化5.3.1GasificationReactions气化反应5.3.2Thermodynamics热力学5.3.3GasificationTechnologies气化技术5.3.4RecentDevelopmentsinGasificationTechnology气化技术的最近发展5.3.5ApplicationsofCoalGasification媒气化应用5.3.6IntegratedGasificationCombinedCycle集成气化联合循环5.3.7WhyGasify,NotBurnforElectricityGeneration?为何气化而不是燃烧发电？5.3.8CarbonCaptureandStorage(CCS)碳捕捉和储存5.4CleaningandConditioningofSynthesisGas合成气的清洗和调节5.4.1AcidGasRemoval酸性气体去除5.4.2Water–GasShiftReaction水煤气变换反应5.4.3Methanation甲烷化Questions问题References参考文献6BulkChemicalsandSyntheticFuelsDerivedfromSynthesisGas从合成气中提取的大宗化学品和合成燃料6.1Ammonia氨6.1.1BackgroundInformation背景资料6.1.2Thermodynamics热力学6.1.3CommercialAmmoniaSynthesisReactors商业氨合成反应器6.1.4AmmoniaSynthesisLoop氨合成回路6.1.5IntegratedAmmoniaPlant集成氨工段6.1.6HydrogenRecovery氢气回收6.1.7ProductionofUrea尿素生产6.2Methanol甲醇6.2.1BackgroundInformation背景资料6.2.2Reactions,Thermodynamics,andCatalysts反应、热力学和催化剂6.2.3SynthesisGasforMethanolProduction甲醇生产合成气6.2.4MethanolSynthesis甲醇合成6.2.5ProductionofFormaldehyde甲醛生产6.3SyntheticFuelsandFuelAdditives合成燃料和燃料添加剂6.3.1Fischer–TropschProcess费希尔特罗普希工艺6.3.2Methanol-to-Gasoline(MTG)Process甲醇转化汽油工艺6.3.3RecentDevelopmentsintheProductionofSyntheticFuels合成燃料生产新进展6.3.4FuelAdditives?MethylTert-ButylEther燃料添加剂--甲基叔丁醚Questions问题References参考文献7ProductionofPolymers?Polyethene聚合物生产--聚乙烯7.1Introduction引言7.2PolymerizationReactions聚合反应7.2.1StepgrowthPolymerization逐步聚合7.2.2ChaingrowthPolymerization?RadicalandCoordinationPathways链增长聚合—自由基和协调路径7.3Polyethenes–BackgroundInformation聚乙烯—背景信息7.3.1CatalystDevelopment催化剂发展7.3.2ClassificationandProperties分类和性质7.3.3Applications应用7.4ProcessesfortheProductionofPolyethenes聚乙烯生产工艺7.4.1MonomerProductionandPurification单体生产和精制7.4.2Polymerization–Exothermicity聚合-放热放热反应7.4.3ProductionofPolyethenes聚乙烯生产Questions问题References参考文献8ProductionofFineChemicals精细化学品生产8.1Introduction引言8.2RoleofCatalysis催化剂作用8.2.1AtomEconomy原子经济8.2.2AlternativeReagentsandCatalysts选择性试剂和催化剂8.2.3NovelReactionRoutes新反应路线8.2.4Selectivity选择性8.2.5Biocatalysis生物催化剂8.3Solvents溶剂8.3.1ConventionalSolvents传统溶剂8.3.2AlternativeSolvents选择性溶剂8.4ProductionPlants生产工段8.4.1MultiproductandMultipurposePlants(MMPs)多产品和多目的工段8.4.2DedicatedContinuousPlants专用连续工段8.5BatchReactorSelection间歇反应器选择8.5.1ReactorsforLiquidandGas–LiquidSystems液相和气液相系统反应器8.5.2ReactorsforGas–Liquid–SolidSystems气液固系统选择8.6BatchReactorScale-upEffects间歇反应器放大效应8.6.1TemperatureControl温度控制8.6.2HeatTransfer热传递8.6.3ExampleoftheScale-upofaBatchandSemi-BatchReactor间歇和半间歇反应器放大案例8.6.4SummaryoftheScale-upofBatchReactors间歇反应器概要8.7SafetyAspectsofFineChemicals精细化学品安全性8.7.1ThermalRisks热危险8.7.2SafetyandProcessDevelopment安全和工艺进展Questions问题References参考文献9ProcessIntensification工艺强化9.1Introduction引言9.1.1WhatisProcessIntensification何为工艺强化9.1.2HowtoIntensifyProcesses如何强化工艺9.2StructuredCatalyticReactors结构化的催化反应器9.2.1TypesofStructuredCatalystsandReactors结构化的催化反应器类型9.2.2Monoliths整体式9.2.3Microreactors微反应器9.3MultifunctionalReactorsReactiveSeparation多功能反应器反应分离9.3.1ReactiveDistillation反应精馏9.3.2CouplingReactionandMembraneSeparation耦合反应和膜分离9.3.3CouplingReactionandAdsorption耦合反应和吸附Questions问题References参考文献10ProcessDevelopment工艺进展10.1DependenceofStrategyonProductTypeandRawMaterials产品类型和原材料战略依赖10.2TheCourseofProcessDevelopment工艺发展过程10.3DevelopmentofIndividualSteps个别步骤发展10.3.1ExploratoryPhase探索阶段10.3.2FromProcessConcepttoPreliminaryFlowSheet从工艺概念到初步流程图10.3.3PilotPlantsMiniplants实验工厂迷你工厂10.4Scale-up放大10.4.1ReactorswithaSingleFluidPhase单一流动相反应器10.4.2FixedBedCatalyticReactorswithOneorMoreFluidPhases单一或多流动相固定床催化反应器10.5SafetyandLossPrevention安全和损失预防10.5.1SafetyIssues安全问题10.5.2ReactivityHazards反应性危险10.5.3DesignApproachestoSafety安全设计路径10.6ProcessEvaluation工艺评估10.6.1CapitalCostEstimation资本成本估算10.6.2OperatingCostsandEarnings运行成本和收入10.6.3ProfitabilityMeasures盈利措施10.7CurrentandFutureTrends当前和未来趋势Questions问题References参考文献GeneralLiterature普通著作Magazines杂志AppendixAChemicalIndustry?Figures附录A化学工业—图AppendixBMainSymbolsUsedinFlowSchemes附录B流程图中使用的符号Index索引
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